The RV144 Trial Might Still Yield Useful Information.

This article discusses how the RV144 Phase 3 HIV-1 vaccine trial conducted over 15 years ago impacted the subsequent direction of research intended to create and evaluate vaccines with potentially greater efficacy. Follow-on Phase 2b and Phase 3 trials directly or indirectly inspired by the modest efficacy reported for the RV144 trial have not shown any significant protection against HIV-1 acquisition. No credibly protective new immunogens have emerged from the Correlates of Protection (CoP) or Risk (CoR) analyses conducted after RV144-inspired studies in either humans or various macaque models. Notably, the RV144 trial did not induce neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), only non-NAbs. However, only NAbs have been shown to be protective in macaque models. One possible but underappreciated explanation for the outcome of the RV144 trial could be trained innate immune responses against the non-HIV-1 canarypox virus vector antigens, considering the placebo group only received saline. In this article, the author outlines how monkey model research based directly or indirectly on the RV144 trial could still yield useful information on the possible role of trained immunity in short-term vaccine protection. However, non-human primate research, in general, should now focus on testing new immunogens that have a reasonable chance of inducing NAbs in humans, rather than expending more resources on CoP/CoR studies inspired by the RV144 trial and its follow-ups.